{"id":2317,"title":{"rendered":"Pulpit of Tallinn's Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church"},"slug":"tallinna-rootsi-mihkli-kiriku-kantsel","excerpt":{"rendered":"In 1707, Ackermann redesigned the old pulpit of Tallinn\u2019s Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church, which had been fashioned in L\u00fcdert Heissmann\u2019s workshop. Only the pulpit\u2019s sounding board retained its former appearance. The pulpit\u2019s design from Ackermann\u2019s time has been altered repeatedly in subsequent periods. The pulpit was deposited at the Hobuveski (horse-powered mill) in Tallinn, then at M\u00e4rjamaa Church, and finally at the Art Museum of Estonia in the Soviet era after the disbanding of the congregation. The pulpit was restored and brought back to the church after the re-establishment of the congregation (1990)."},"content":{"rendered":"

Which pulpit did Ackermann redesign in 1707 and who had originally fashioned it?<\/strong><\/h2>\nIn 1707, Christian Ackermann redesigned the church pulpit of the Swedish congregation that operated in the former Church of St. Michael (nowadays Tallinn\u2019s Cathedral of the Transformation of our Lord on Suur-Kloostri Street), which was at the disposal of female Cistercians. L\u00fcdert Heissmann fashioned the pulpit in 1632.\n\nThe pulpit had a corpus with five sides and a staircase attached to its southern side starting from the side facing the altar. Figures carved in high relief \u2013 Salvator Mundi, St. John the Apostle and Evangelist, St. James the Apostle (?), and another two figures, which have not survived \u2013 evidently decorated the pulpit\u2019s corpus. Statues of the apostles were apparently on the pulpit\u2019s stair balustrade, which ended with a portal adorned with a gable. It is no longer possible to say exactly what the architectonics of the corpus, stair balustrade, and portal of the pulpit of Heissmann\u2019s time were like, and what supported the pulpit. Sculptures from some earlier carving were in turn used on the sounding board of the pulpit associated with Heissmann\u2019s name, and this is noteworthy.\n\nHence it can be said that when Ackermann undertook the renovation of the pulpit of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church in 1707, he had to take the work of previous master(s) into consideration. At the same time, the question remains whether the pulpit\u2019s peculiar iconographic programme (in the context of ecclesiastical art of the end of the 17 th century and the start of the 18 th century) was put together in Ackermann\u2019s time or during some later redesign of the pulpit.\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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    The pulpit\u2019s location in the church<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    The location of the old pulpit on the church\u2019s floorplan drawn by Heinrich Julius Woltemate. It can be seen on the church\u2019s floorplan drawn by Heinrich Julius Woltemate at the start of the 1690s that the pulpit was located adjacent to the eastern pillar of the two-nave church, from where it was visible equally well to persons seated in the northern and southern naves, but where it inevitably obstructed the view of the altar. In 1707, Ackermann redesigned the old pulpit of Tallinn\u2019s Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church, which had been fashioned in L\u00fcdert Heissmann\u2019s workshop.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>

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    Old sculptures from L\u00fcdert Heissmann\u2019s pulpit<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Several sculptures from the old pulpit made by L\u00fcdert Heissmann have been preserved on the pulpit of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s congregation: Christ holding and blessing the world, in other words Salvator Mundi, St. John the Apostle and Evangelist, and St. James the Apostle. The statues that were originally located on the pulpit\u2019s corpus are mounted on the gable of the door portal that was renovated by Ackermann.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>

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    Earlier (medieval) sculptures on the pulpit\u2019s sounding board<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    These little sculptures might originate from a pulpit that predates Heissmann or from some medieval altarpiece altogether\n\nIt is noteworthy that sculptures from some earlier carving were in turn used on the sounding board of the pulpit associated with Heissmann\u2019s name. Two of the four evidently medieval figures on the sounding board that can be seen in old photographs have survived. These are sculptures depicting the Virgin Mary and St. Bartholomew the Apostle.\n\nIn Sten Karling\u2019s opinion, these figures are from the pulpit of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church that preceded Heissmann. Yet it may be just as likely that these small-scale figures were taken from some altarpiece, lectern, or altogether from another object that had belonged to the Cistercian convent (which was shut down in 1630).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>

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    Which parts of the pulpit originate from Ackerman and his assistants?<\/strong><\/h2>\nExcluding the ornamentation of its cornice \u2013 a gable adorned with three sculptures \u2013 the corpus, stair balustrade, and door portal of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church pulpit originate from Ackermann\u2019s workshop. Just like Ackermann\u2019s earlier pulpits, twisted colonnettes with Corinthian capitals and putto corbels articulate the sides of the corpus. Much like the Karuse and Juuru pulpits, carved figures are situated between the twisted colonnettes. Nameplates are situated beneath them. Just as with the pulpit in Tallinn\u2019s Cathedral, pictures of the apostles and their nameplates decorate the stair balustrade panels. The panelled door at the end of the staircase, which is framed by lisenes with Corinthian capitals, is also from Ackermann\u2019s time. Similarly to several other pulpits by Ackermann, the figure of Moses supports the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s Church pulpit. The naturalistic garland consisting of various plants and blossoms that adorns one side of the pulpit\u2019s corpus was also carved by Ackermann.\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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      Ackermann\u2019s carved figures and ornamentation<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      Classical proportions and a great degree of fidelity to nature characterise figures carved by Ackermann. Each personality who is depicted \u2013 St. Peter, Salvator Mundi, St. Paul, St. Andrew, and St. John \u2013 has his own distinctive countenance and character. The hands and feet of the figures, altogether their blood vessels and finger- and toenails, are carved out very precisely. The garments of the figures droop in sharp folds and angles, which is characteristic of Ackermann\u2019s later creative period covering 1690\u20131710.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>

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      What was the pulpit\u2019s original polychromy like?<\/strong><\/h2>\nThanks to the account book of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s congregation, it is known that the painter Heinrich Warner (Werner) coated the pulpit that was completed in Ackermann\u2019s workshop with laccolour, gold, and silver. The pictures of the apostles adorning the stair balustrade panels and the nameplates of all the depicted figures probably also originate from him. The figures situated on dark grey marbled backgrounds were originally polychromatic: they had flesh tone hands and feet, and faces that were painted quite naturalistically. The garments of the figures were coated using so-called lustre tones, meaning that a thin coat of red or green paint was applied to silver-plated surfaces.\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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        What was the pulpit\u2019s original polychromy like?<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        The pulpit has been repainted repeatedly, for which reason part of its original polychromy is concealed or has perished. Some of the later coats of paint have been removed in the course of restoration work (for instance from the stair balustrade panel paintings) and other paint layers have not been removed. A secondary coat of paint distorts the figures carved by Christian Ackermann, as well as by L\u00fcdert Heissmann, with hands and feet that were originally flesh tone, and with faces and colourful garments painted in detail.\n\nOriginal paintings of the stair balustrade panels, exposed in the course of the most recent restoration<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>

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        Moses without polychromy<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Unlike the other figures, the statue of Moses that supports the pulpit\u2019s corpus has been scraped clean right down to the wood. It was originally coated with polychromy. The statue lost its colours after it was stolen from the Art Museum of Estonia (where it had been brought for storage together with the rest of the pulpit\u2019s parts). The thieves probably thought that if they remove the paint from the statue, they would be able to sell it for a high price on the art market as a work by Amandus Adamson. It is not known whether and how they succeeded in this. In any case, the statue found its way back to the museum in 2014 with the request to find proof of whether or not it was Adamson\u2019s work. Naturally, the museum\u2019s experts recognised Moses as the statue made by Ackermann that had gone missing, and it was added to the pulpit that it had once belonged to.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>

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        When was the pulpit that was redesigned in Ackermann\u2019s workshop set up and where was it later taken?<\/strong><\/h2>\nAccording to the account book of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s congregation, the pulpit fashioned by the sculptor Ackermann and painted by Heinrich Warner, more precisely the pulpit\u2019s corpus and staircase, was installed in the church located on Suur-Kloostri Street in May of 1707.\n\nAfter Tallinn capitulated to the Russian forces in 1710, the Swedish congregation continued to operate in the former church of the female Cistercians that had belonged to the congregation since 1630, but not for long. In 1716, Alexander Menshikov, the commander-in-chief of the Russian forces, issued an order to Tallinn\u2019s town council to move the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s congregation out of the church where it had hitherto operated and to hand the building over to the Russian garrison\u2019s congregation.\n\nBefore the new almshouse building on R\u00fc\u00fctli Street became the home of the Swedish St. Michael\u2019s congregation, the congregation had to operate in temporary spaces and quite likely to find a place to store its moveable property. In 1726, the new almshouse building on R\u00fc\u00fctli Street was placed at the congregation\u2019s disposal. It was consecrated as a church in 1733.\n

        The enigma of the door portal\u2019s design<\/strong><\/h2>\nThe question of when the gable and the statues of Salvator Mundi, St. John, and St. James that had belonged to the corpus of the former pulpit, which had been carved in Heissmann\u2019s workshop, were added to the cornice of the door portal of the pulpit, which was reconstructed by Ackermann, has remained an enigma to this day. These three statues make the pulpit\u2019s iconographic programme questionable \u2013 namely, there is not a single baroque pulpit or retable in Estonia where a figure bearing one and the same message (in this case Salvator Mundi) is depicted twice.\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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          Figures of the door portals<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          The close examination of the figures of the door portals indicates that they had originally been high reliefs. A wooden block was later added to the rear side of these reliefs so that they could be carved out from behind as a sculpture that is almost in the round. It appears that at the same time, or later, the feet of the figures had also been renewed \u2013 once again by adding a wooden block and carving it out.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>

          "},"map_id":"20","link":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/en\/work\/tallinna-rootsi-mihkli-kiriku-kantsel\/","works_date_label":"1707","works_date":"1707","featured_image":{"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/www-works-ROOTSIMIHKLIkants-intro-1042x892.jpg"},"timeline_image":{"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/www-works-ROOTSIMIHKLIkants-ajatelg-450x400.jpg"},"menu_order":null,"objects":[{"ID":4095,"id":4095,"title":{"rendered":"sounding board (RM)"},"post_name":"sounding-board-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":""},"object_name":"Sculptures on sounding board, L. Heissmann","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":4084,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/KolaraastaSkulptuurid.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":0,"guid":""}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":4093,"id":4093,"title":{"rendered":"Saint Jacobus (RM), Heissmann"},"post_name":"saint-jacobus-rm-heissmann","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":""},"object_name":"Saint Jacobus the Apostle, L. Heissmann","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":4078,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaJakobus1.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":0,"guid":""}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":4091,"id":4091,"title":{"rendered":"Salvator Mundi (RM), Heissmann"},"post_name":"salvator-mundi-rm-heissmann","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"\n

          Christ with his right hand raised in blessing and his left hand holding the sphere of the earth bears the name Salvator Mundi (Latin for \u201cSaviour of the World\u201d) in Christian iconography. The earth surmounted by a cross symbolising the heavenly sphere replaces the orb of worldly rulers and refers to Christ as the ruler of heaven and earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          In baroque pulpits, Salvator Mundi often stands among his disciples in a central position and symbolises the blessing of the congregation.<\/p>\n"},"object_name":"Salvator Mundi, L. Heissmann","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":4064,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaKristus1.jpg"},{"ID":4066,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaKristus2.jpg"},{"ID":4068,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaKristus3.jpg"},{"ID":4070,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaKristus4.jpg"},{"ID":4072,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaKristus5.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":0,"guid":""}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":4089,"id":4089,"title":{"rendered":"Saint John the Evangelist (RM), L. Heissmann"},"post_name":"saint-john-the-evangelist-rm-l-heissmann","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":""},"object_name":"Saint John the Evangelist, L. Heissmann","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":4076,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/VanaJohannes1.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":0,"guid":""}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2449,"id":2449,"title":{"rendered":"Kantsel ENG t\u00f5lge p. (RM)"},"post_name":"kantsel-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"Nii nagu Ackermanni varasemad kantslid, liigendavad korpuse k\u00fclgi korintose kapiteeli ja putokonsooliga keerdsambakesed; samamoodi nagu Karuse ja Juuru kantslid, paiknevad keerdsambakeste vahel nikerdatud figuurid, seekord Peetruse, Salvator Mundi, Pauluse, Andrease ja Johannese kujud, nende alla j\u00e4\u00e4vad nimetahvlid; nii nagu toomkiriku kantsli puhul, kaunistavad trepirinnatise tahvleid apostlite \u2013 Matteuse, Siimona ja Tooma \u2013 ilmselt samuti 1707. aastast p\u00e4rinevad pildid ning nende nimetahvlid; trepik\u00e4iku l\u00f5petav tahveldatud uks, mida raamivad korintose kapiteelidega liseenid, on samuti Ackermanni ajast. Mitme teise Ackermanni kantsli sarnaselt toetab Rootsi-Mihkli kiriku kantslit Moosese figuur. Ackermanni nikerdatud on ka kantslikorpuse \u00fcht k\u00fclge kaunistav naturalistlik, eri taimedest ja \u00f5itest moodustuv vanik."},"object_name":"Pulpit","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":1927,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/kantsel.jpg"},{"ID":4104,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RMPuto1.jpg"},{"ID":4106,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RMPuto2.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":0,"guid":""}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2450,"id":2450,"title":{"rendered":"Lillevanik ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"lillevanik-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":""},"object_name":"Festoon","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":2056,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Lillevanik.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":3408,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-tln-rootsi-mihkli-kiriku-kantsel-lillevanik-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2456,"id":2456,"title":{"rendered":"Apostel Andreas ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"apostel-andreas-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"According to the New Testament, Andrew was born in Galilee, the son of the fisherman Jonah. Before answering the call of Jesus to follow him, Andrew had been a fisherman and a disciple of John the Baptist. Andrew\u2019s first missionary work was to bring his brother Simon, the future Peter, to Jesus. Both brothers were baptised and they became missionaries in Asia Minor, Thrace (now Bulgaria) and Scythia (eastern Rumania), and according to Russian chroniclers, Andrew is said to have travelled as far as Kiev and Novgorod.\n\nAndrew\u2019s attribute is the diagonal cross, on which he was executed.\n\nIn the Estonian folk calendar, St. Andrew\u2019s Day is on 30 November."},"object_name":"Saint Andrew the Apostle","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":1929,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5654-Andreas.jpg"},{"ID":1931,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5656.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":3414,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-Tln-Rootsi-Mihkli-kiriku-kantsel-Apostel-Andreas-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"7b653cad3c82450891072b101c159b97","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2451,"id":2451,"title":{"rendered":"Apostel Johannes ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"apostel-johannes-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"John was the youngest of Christ\u2019s twelve disciples. He is called the apostle of love. John was present at Christ\u2019s crucifixion and Christ entrusted his mother to John\u2019s care. After the Virgin Mary\u2019s death, John travelled with Peter preaching the gospel and was miraculously spared a martyr\u2019s death on two occasions. John has become known chiefly for the gospel that bears his name, his letters and the Book of Revelation.\r\n\r\nJohn\u2019s primary attributes are the eagle, as the symbol of the highest inspiration, a writing quill (lost from the sculpture) and a book, a reference to his writings.\r\n\r\nThe day of St. John the Evangelist, little St. John\u2019s Day, is 27 December in the folk calendar."},"object_name":"Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":2029,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Johannes1.jpg"},{"ID":2027,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Johannes2.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":3410,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-Tln-Rootsi-Mihkli-kiriku-kantsel-Apostel-Johannes-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2452,"id":2452,"title":{"rendered":"Apostel Paulus ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"apostel-paulus-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"Paul is the best known of the disciples of Jesus thanks to the gospel of St. Luke and Paul\u2019s 13 letters in the New Testament. Before experiencing a revelation \u2013 being blinded by heavenly light and hearing the voice of Jesus \u2013 and his religious conversion, having himself baptised and regaining his sight, Paul\u2019s name was Saul and he was known as a persecutor of Christians.\r\n\r\nThereafter Paul joined the other disciples of Jesus and he became the greatest missionary of the Christian faith. Along with the Apostle Peter, Paul is considered the actual founder of the Christian Church. Although he was not among the 12 closest disciples of Jesus, he is referred to as an apostle precisely because of his role in founding the Church.\r\n\r\nThe attributes of Paul, who died a martyr\u2019s death, are a sword, with which his head was cut off, and a book containing his letters.\r\n\r\nThe feast day of the saints Peter and Paul is 29 June in the folk calendar."},"object_name":"Saint Paul the Apostle","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":1933,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5648.jpg"},{"ID":1935,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5653.jpg"}],"xr":[{"ID":2201,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/XR_Paulus_RMK.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":3420,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-Tln-Rootsi-mihkli-kiriku-kantsel-Apostel-Paulus-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2453,"id":2453,"title":{"rendered":"Salvator Mundi ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"salvator-mundi-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"Christ with his right hand raised in blessing and his left hand holding the sphere of the earth bears the name Salvator Mundi (Latin for \u201cSaviour of the World\u201d) in Christian iconography. The earth surmounted by a cross symbolising the heavenly sphere replaces the orb of worldly rulers and refers to Christ as the ruler of heaven and earth.\r\n\r\nIn baroque pulpits, Salvator Mundi often stands among his disciples in a central position and symbolises the blessing of the congregation."},"object_name":"Salvator Mundi","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":2033,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Kristus1.jpg"},{"ID":2031,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Kristus2.jpg"},{"ID":4108,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Kristus3.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":3412,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-Tln-Rootsi-Mihkli-kiriku-kantsel-Salvador-Mundi-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2454,"id":2454,"title":{"rendered":"Apostel Peetrus ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"aposte-peetrus-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"Before becoming a disciple of Jesus, he was Simon, a fisherman, to whom Jesus gave the name Peter. Once he was fishing with his brother Andreas on the shore of Lake Galilee when Jesus came to them and said: \u201cFollow me and I will make you fishers of men\u201d (Lk 4:19). Thereupon the brothers left their nets and went with Jesus.\r\n\r\nWith his fiery nature, Peter was quick to acclaim Jesus as the Messiah, but he was also the one who after the imprisonment of Jesus three times denied knowing Jesus.\r\n\r\nLater, however, after meeting the resurrected Christ, Peter became one of his most important disciples and apostles, to whom Jesus said: \u201cAnd I say unto you: you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my congregation, and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. I give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you tie up on earth, that will also be tied in heaven, and whatever you untie on earth, that will also be untied in heaven\u201d (Mk 16:18-19).\r\n\r\nPeter preached the Word of God in Asia Minor and supposedly founded the first Christian congregation in Rome. As was the case with many followers of Jesus, Peter also suffered a martyr\u2019s death.\r\n\r\nPeter\u2019s attributes are the key (or keys) to heaven and a book.\r\n\r\nThe feast day of saints Peter and Paul is 29 June in the folk calendar."},"object_name":"Saint Peter the Apostle","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":2037,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Peetrus1.jpg"},{"ID":4110,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Peetrus3.jpg"},{"ID":2035,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Peetrus2.jpg"},{"ID":4112,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/RM_Peetrus4.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":3406,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-Tln-rootsi-mihkli-kiriku-kantsel-Apostel-peetrus-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"","colrecmodel":""},{"ID":2455,"id":2455,"title":{"rendered":"Mooses ENG (RM)"},"post_name":"mooses-rm","excerpt":{"rendered":""},"post_content":{"rendered":"According to the Bible, Moses<\/strong> was the leader of the Israelites, took his people out of slavery in Egypt and handed down the Ten Commandments. He is the main character of the Second Book of Moses (Exodus) \u2013 it is debatable whether and to what extent he was real or legendary. Moses is an important prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In the Lutheran Church, Moses symbolises the connection between the Old Testament and the New Testament, in other words the long tradition of Christianity. Moses, with his tablets of the commandments, also established the validity of Christian moral norms, according to which man may not have any other gods beside the Lord God, man may not worship pictures or statues, serve idols, use the name of the Lord God in vain, work on the day of rest, i.e. Sunday, forget to honour his mother and father, kill, commit adultery, steal, lie to his neighbour or covet his property."},"object_name":"Moses","menu_order":null,"photo":[{"ID":1937,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5683-Mooses.jpg"},{"ID":1939,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5686.jpg"},{"ID":1947,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5695.jpg"},{"ID":1943,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/DSC5692.jpg"}],"mobiili_valiku_vaade":[{"ID":2840,"guid":"https:\/\/ackermann.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fotod-detailid-tallinna-rootsi-mihkli-kirik-Mooses-1080x900.png"}],"sketchfab_id":"bcf7bdd269ca451193c4f60fc3447533","colrecmodel":""}]}